Notes


 * __TEMPERATURE __**

Temperature is a mesure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter. For example, a cup of hot chocolate feels hot because the avergae kinetic energy of its particles is higher than the average kinetic energy of the particles in your hand. There is three ways of mesuring temperature: -Fahrenheit scale, wasdesigned by the German Dutch physict Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and has been used since 1724. -Celsius scale, was named after its inventor, the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius. -Kelvin scale, was named after Lord Kelvin or also known as William Thompson.

Methods of heat transfer 1) Conduction

__**What is Conduction?**__

Conduction is the transfer of heat from:

 * one substance to another
 * within a solid by direct contact of particles


 * __The Transfer of Heat__**


 * Matter with a **higher tempertature** and **greater kinetic energy** → Matter with a **lower temperature** and **lower kinetic energy**


 * Example**:

A metal spoon put in boiling water becomes hot to touch

 * Explanation:**


 * Thermal Conductors and Insulators**

Heat is transfered at different rates.

 * Thermal Conductors**


 * Materials that transfer heat easily
 * Metals are good thermal conductors


 * Insulators**

 Radiation & Condution in the atomosphearns equator : high
 * Materials that __do not__ transfer heat easily
 * Air, snow, wood, and styrofoam are insulators
 * insolotion - amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (w/m2)
 * eg: angle of incidence< north and south pole pole: low

forest and soils : low
 * albeado - amount of radiation reflected by a surface
 * eg: albado area < snow coved area & desert: high

O2 = 32 >
 * weather - everything about atmosphease that is temp., atmosphaeric pressure, mosture in the atmosphease wind,ect. related to wind transfer in the atmospherase
 * remember: mass of air N2 = 28 > water (H20) = 18

 * Energy transfer b/w land/weather and air is responsible for temp & humidity of air
 * air pressure - pressure is measued in pascal (Pa ) and kilopascal (kPa) --- pressure is fores per area when at sea level appox. 101.3 kPa
 * <span style="color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">other unit atm --- 101.3 * Pa = 1 atm 760 mmHg
 * <span style="background-color: #ff0033; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Barometer - used to measure air pressure --- contain a small capuital made changes the capsule expands or contracts.
 * <span style="background-color: #0071ff; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Air mass - parcel of air with similar temp. asnd humidity thoughout

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">
 * <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">coriolois effect - changer in the direction of moving air weather or object due to earth roatation

· Climate describes a region’s long term weather patterns <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth has gone through many climate changes including ice ages and periods of warming <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Processes that contribute to climate change are complex which affect the earth’s radiation budget and heat transfer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Several factors affect climate- greenhouse gases, Earth’s tilt and orbit, heat transfer by the oceans, and catastrophic events ( volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Not new to our planet __ Describing Climate: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Climate describes the average conditions of the atmosphere in large regions over 30 years <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Climate includes clouds, average temperature, humidity, solar radiation atmospheric pressure and wind <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· British Columbia has a range of climates <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Each climate zone supports growth of specific plants and other organisms <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Biogeoclimatic zone is a region with certain types of plants, life, climate, etc __ Looking Forward by Studying the Past: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Paleoclimatologists are people who study past climates <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· These scientists look for long term patterns in vast regions to help describe Earth’s climate <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· They may look at plant fossils or the rings of a tree to determine if a region used to cold, hot or dry, or even use sediment deposits at the bottom of rivers. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· About 21,000 years ago BC was buried in ice <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Paleoclimatologists use ice cores, cylinders of ice to drill into thick layers of glacier to examine the change in climate. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Scientist draw conclusion by comparing past climates with current ones <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Several factors affect climate changes: water cycle, Earth’s tilt, rotation and orbit, Composition of Earth, Carbon Cycle, Catastrophic events __ The Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Natural greenhouse effect is the absorption of thermal energy by the atmosphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· This helps to keep earths temp in a certain range <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Some of the suns radiation on Earth’s surface is absorbed by the atmosphere <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit radiation as thermal energy <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Greenhouse gases help to keep some of the energy on Earth so the temp on Earth won’t be so cold <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Without Greenhouse gases Earth would be 34 degrees lower than it is today <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth is used to the condition provided by Greenhouse gases for it has resulted from a balance of heat and solar radiation __ Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and Orbit __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Three characteristic of Earth’s movement affects the global climate: Earth’s Tilt, Rotation and orbit <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Form higher latitudes one of the most noticeable features of climate is the change in seasons <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth experiences seasons because of its tilt and orbit around the sun <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The angle of incidence is so large that the solar radiation hitting the Northern hemisphere in winter is low <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· During summer the North hemisphere is tilted towards the sun; therefore, at that this time it receives a lot of radiation making it warmer <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· If Earth did not have a tilt the change in season would be less noticeable <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Seasonal changes are most extreme when Earth Tilt is at its greatest <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Earth’s rotation has a wobble just like a top wobbles as it spins on a flat surface, as the top wobbles it traces out a circle <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Earth north pole is now pointing at a star called the Polaris but in 12 000 years it will then face the Vega changing the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays on Earth <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Earth’s Rotation is oval but in 100 000 years the shape of the path will change <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Sometime the orbit becomes more circular and at times less so this affects the amount of solar radiation hitting Earth from the sun. __ Water Cycle: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The water cycle describes the circulation of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· At different stages the water’s state changes <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· High temps increase the evaporation of water and the capacity of air to hold water vapour <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· As yearly temp increase the amount of water vapour the atmosphere holds increases __ Ocean Currents: __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convection currents in the ocean transport large amounts of heat around the globe. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Deep ocean currents occur below 500 metres <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Surface currents extend to 500 metres or up <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Sinking and rising of deep ocean waters produces convection currents <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They act as global conveyer belts that transport water and thermal energy around Earth <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Cold water is denser than warm and salty is denser than fresh <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Deep ocean currents are driven by differences in the density of water <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Climate and ocean currents have a two way relationships because of the effects of evaporation and precipitation and the effects of melting and freezing. <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Evaporation of warm surface waters leaves behind salt; conversely, precipitation adds water diluting the salty water <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· When ice forms salt is left behind; however, when ice melts it dilutes the salty water <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Surface currents exchange heat with the atmosphere affecting temp and climate <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Wind and Earth’s rotation affect the path of surface currents <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Wind drags water at the same time Earth’s rotation produces the Coriolis affect <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Currents of air or water are deflected to the right in the northern and left in the southern hemisphere <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  A transition zone called the thermocline separates the cold, deep waters from the sun-warmed surface waters <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø In the zone the water is colder __ El Nino and La Nina: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Surface waters off the coast of Ecuador and Peru get unusually warm which is known as the El Nino event <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The warm waters can result in warm temperatures <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  However in a La Nina event upwelling brings cooler than normal waters to the surface in the eastern pacific ocean <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The variations in the winds including El Nino and La Nina events are called El Nino- Southern Oscillation  (ENSO) __ The Carbon Cycle: __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas. <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Without it and other greenhouse gases to absorb and emit radiation the planets temp would be below freezing <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø However too much can cause increase in temperatures <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø What keeps it in balance? The carbon cycle does <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The carbon cycle maintains the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  The deep ocean is considered a carbon sink which is a process that helps to keep carbon dioxide in balance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Some of carbon dioxide absorb by the ocean is turned into bicarbonate ions which marine animals use to build shells <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Weathering releases carbon from long term storage such as carbon containing sediment built up at the bottom of oceans <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Weathering is a physical or chemical process that breaks rock into smaller pieces <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø A common type of chemical weather occurs when carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· On land forests are important carbon sinks <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø Plants remove carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis replacing it with oxygen <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  A carbon source is something that releases carbon dioxide __ Catastrophic events: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Catastrophic events are also known as large- scale disasters <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø some of these events were large volcanic eruptions which did not only produce ash and block out the sun but released water vapour and sulphur dioxide <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø They react together to form sulphuric acid which were carried by winds thousands of km reflecting solar radiation back into space resulting in lower temps in the troposphere <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Volcanic eruption can affect the climate for many years <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Larger Catastrophic events have happened when meteorites and other large pieces of rock have hit the earth from space <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The impacts hurls vaporized rock, dust, debris and gases into the atmosphere causing the atmosphere to cool